The smoke plume becomes turbulent as its Reynolds number increases with increases in flow velocity and characteristic length scale. For the first few centimeters, the smoke is laminar. Turbulence in the tip vortex from an airplane wing passing through coloured smoke The turbulence intensity affects many fields, for examples fish ecology, air pollution, precipitation, and climate change. Richard Feynman described turbulence as the most important unsolved problem in classical physics. However, turbulence has long resisted detailed physical analysis, and the interactions within turbulence create a very complex phenomenon. The onset of turbulence can be predicted by the dimensionless Reynolds number, the ratio of kinetic energy to viscous damping in a fluid flow. This increases the energy needed to pump fluid through a pipe. In general terms, in turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear of many sizes which interact with each other, consequently drag due to friction effects increases. For this reason turbulence is commonly realized in low viscosity fluids. : 2 Turbulence is caused by excessive kinetic energy in parts of a fluid flow, which overcomes the damping effect of the fluid's viscosity. Turbulence is commonly observed in everyday phenomena such as surf, fast flowing rivers, billowing storm clouds, or smoke from a chimney, and most fluid flows occurring in nature or created in engineering applications are turbulent. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers. In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. For other uses, see Turbulence (disambiguation). For the turbulence felt on an airplane, see Clear-air turbulence.
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